The railway is one of the most important modes of transportation, able to pass through varying topography with ease. In many countries – such as China, United States, Australia and Iran – rail networks pass through desert areas. One of the main problems in these areas is the movement of sand causing various damage to ballasted railway track, such as corrosion to railway fastening systems. The soil composition of some desert areas, such as Fahraj in Iran, consists of sand and salt. Due to the movement of sand and the corrosive ions of salt, railway fastening systems can corrode which, in turn, reduces the thickness of the components and their lifespan.
Materials and methods
Anti-corrosion nano-coating
During research, nano-coating for fastening systems of ballasted track was introduced as a solution to prevent corrosion in rail clips and screw spikes, which is due to effects of sand dunes, and performance of that is evaluated in laboratory and field tests on the railway track. Corrosion as an electrochemical reaction which causes the metal to be converted to metal ion. In sandy regions, the accumulation of sand on the track causes the rail foot, the sleeper and the fastening systems to corrode. Nano-coating for fastening systems in ballasted track (rail clips and screw spikes) is composed of upgraded zinc-rich and epoxy, an additive which is produced by nano-technology and polyurethane. Its chemical formula is TiO2 PPY/Sn-doped + Zinc-Rich. Based on the amount and composition of the ingredients and the final cost of the product, nano-coating is classified in three categories (10–12). This classification of coatings, based on the amount of ingredients (grams) for covering a fastening system of railway track, is shown in Table 1. The three aforementioned nano‑coatings are economically affordable – the cost of implementing them is less than five per cent of the cost to manufacture a set of ballasted track fastening systems, and the first and third class has the highest and lowest prices, respectively. During the research, all three products were used in the field tests but, for the laboratory test, the third class was used, which has the lowest price in comparison with the other products.
Corrosion measurement experiments
There are a large number of various laboratory methods – such as: Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR); Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in the two modes of potentiostatic and galvanostatic; and salt spray – to measure the corrosion resistance of coatings. Due to the salty nature of sand dunes in desert areas, which increases the corrosive function, EIS and salt spray in the laboratory phase were used to evaluate the performance of the nano-coating. EIS is an electrochemical method in which an electric potential difference is applied and its relevant electrical current is measured. The corrosion rate and other electrochemical factors can be measured by using the relationship between applied electric potential and relevant electrical current.
Figure 1: Nyquist curve of sample without nano-coating (left) and with nano-coating (right).
Salt spray is a standard test utilised to evaluate corrosion resistance. This method is a fast corrosion test that provides a controlled corrosive environment which has been utilised to produce relative corrosion resistance information for metals or coated metals exposed in a given test chamber. ASTM B 117 is applied as the common standard for salt spray testing.
Results and discussion
In the EIS test, fastening systems including screw spikes and rail clips were investigated. The test included two groups – fastening systems with nano‑coating and fastening systems with conventional coating, not nano-coating – in order to compare the test results and measure the effect of nano-coating on decreasing the rate of corrosion.
According to the graphs shown in Figure 1, the Nyquist curves of the samples indicate that real impedance (Z’) is increased by 315 times with nano-coating, in comparison with conventional coating, proving that the corrosion resistance of the fastening system with nano-coating is stronger than the fastening system with conventional coating.
In this research, a salt spray test was carried out twice on a fastening system with nano‑coating and a fastening system without nano-coating. Based‑on the results, the surface of the sample without nano‑coating began to corrode after 24 hours of spraying and, after 168 hours, 100 per cent of the sample’s surface was corroded. The results of the test on the fastening system with nano‑coating indicated a noticeable increase in corrosion resistance – after 1,000 hours of spraying on a sample during the test, no corrosion was observed at the screw surface, which indicates that the nano-coating has a significant role in corrosion resistance. The images of the rail clips and screw spikes with and without nano-coating used in the salt spray test are shown in Figures 2 to 51.
Figure 2: Screw spike without nano-coating before salt spray test (left) and without nano-coating after salt spray test (right).
Field investigation
In order to conduct field experiments, railway tracks passing through a sandy desert area were primarily considered. To evaluate nano-coating performance against corrosion, some fastening systems with conventional coating were replaced with fastening systems with nano-coating, which are shown in Figure 61. After the first survey to the site of operation, corrosion in screw spikes, rail clips and rail foot was obvious, as shown in Figure 71.
After three and 12 months of exerting nano‑coating, to verify the performance of nano‑coating against corrosion, two surveys were carried out which proved that fastening systems with nano‑coating have higher corrosion resistance against sand dunes. After the first survey – three months after the implementation of the pilot sample – the performance of the nano-coating was completely acceptable.
Figure 3: Screw spike with nano-coating before salt spray test (left) and with nano-coating after salt spray test (right).
The performance of fastening systems with nano-coating and fastening systems without nano-coating can be compared in Figure 81.
Images of the survey one year after performing the nano-coatings indicate the acceptable performance of the nano-coating against corrosion, while other fastening systems without nano-coating should be replaced due to excessive corrosion. These results are shown in Figure 91.
Conclusion
Railways will inevitably traverse sandy deserts all over the world. The movement of sand dunes – which causes problems such as chemical attacks on the railway track, contamination of the ballast layer and increasing track rigidity – are the main problems in these areas and always causes damage to the railway tracks. The corrosion of fastening systems causes damages to superstructure components, which is due to salty sand dune attacks, and results in significant increase in maintenance costs. Various strategies have been proposed to prevent the destructive effects of the movement of sand dunes; none of them have completely solved this problem.
The results of laboratory experiments (EIS test and salt spray test) on fastening systems with and without nano-coating indicate that the corrosion resistance of those with nano-coating increases more than 315 times when compared to conventional fastening systems without nano‑coating. Additionally, nano-coated screws and clips were completely sound after 1,000 hours of salt spray.
The results of the field investigations proved a significant increase in corrosion resistance of fastening systems with nano-coating. After one year, conventional fastening systems would need to be replaced, while fastening systems with nano‑coating operate properly without any corrosion. From an economic point of view, to increase the corrosion resistance of fastening systems by using this approach, it is quite cost-effective, due to the low-cost of nano-coating materials and the reduction of maintenance costs, as well.
Read the original article on Global Railway Review.
