Bacteria-enhanced graphene oxide nanoparticles provide triple-action tumor eradication

Modern cancer treatments have evolved beyond traditional chemotherapy to include targeted approaches such as immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and photothermal therapy. Graphene oxide (GO), known for its biocompatibility, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and large surface area, has emerged as a promising material for both drug delivery and thermal-based tumor destruction. However, its clinical application remains limited due to challenges in dispersibility and large-scale production.