Straightforward biosynthesis of functional bulk nanocomposites

A general and scalable biosynthesis strategy has been developed which involves simultaneous growth of cellulose nanofibrils through microbial fermentation and co-deposition of various kinds of nanoscale building blocks through aerosol feeding on solid culture substrates. The produced functional bulk nanocomposites show enhanced performances. By upgrading the state-of-the-art production line that produces pure BC pellicles, industrial-scale production of these bulk nanocomposite materials for practical applications can be expected in the near future.