Nanovaccines and their immunomodulatory effect against human viruses

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death, and they can trigger a social collapse and a slew of economic consequences. Virus outbreaks have wreaked havoc on societies worldwide in recent decades. They are primarily caused by HIV, Zika, various influenza strains, and, most recently, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).