Uniform bottom-up Li deposition behavior in nanoneedle arrays on modified three–dimensional carbon film

Human lives have been revolutionized since lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were successfully commercialized. However, modern portable electronics have increased energy demands and thus require batteries with high energy density. Directly using Li metal as an anode is considered a promising strategy due to its ultra-high capacity (3860 mA h g-1) and low negative electrochemical potential (- 3.04 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode).