Feb 26, 2024
Graphene micro supercapacitors enhance flexibility and performance in wearable technology
(Nanowerk Spotlight) The proliferation of wearable devices—from smart watches to AR glasses—necessitates ever-smaller on-board energy solutions that can deliver bursts of power while remaining unobtrusive. Rigid coin batteries restrict device flexibility and ergonomics. Leading microscale alternatives include micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), which store and discharge energy rapidly owing to highly porous electrode materials interfacing with electrolytes.
Supercapacitors’ quick charge ability and resilience to repeated charging cycles make them appealing to supplement batteries. However, difficulties producing intricately designed MSC devices that also offer high performance have confined MSCs to the lab. Conventional manufacturing techniques lack suitable precision, flexibility, and scalability.
Now researchers in China demonstrate a breakthrough additive-free 3D printing process to construct sophisticated graphene MSCs with unprecedented electrochemical metrics and seamless integrability. The advance overcomes prevailing manufacturing limitations and brings closer the on-chip MSC arrays essential for the next wave of disruptive wearables.
The findings have been published in Advanced Materials ("Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene Additive-Free Inks for 3D Printing Customizable Monolithic Integrated Micro-Supercapacitors on a Large Scale").
//
window.__mirage2 = {petok:"NqyBWuuGnBYMjPXe_JnWFNosSacHCf_JYo8Tx1RVATo-1800-0.0"};
//
Schematic diagram of EG-MIMSCs manufacturing. a–c) Demonstration of the preparation process of EG-NaBF4+NaI (red anion: BF4- yellow anion: I−; blue molecule: H2O). d–g) Illustration depicting the manufacturing procedure of 3D-printed EG-MSCs and EG-MIMSCs. h,i) Photographs of EG-MSCs with different configurations of interdigital shapes and j–l) lattice structure. (Reprinted with permission by Wiley-VCH Verlag)
Graphene, with its remarkable physical properties and large surface area, serves as an ideal MSC electrode material. But dispersing pristine graphene into printable inks has proven difficult. Researchers frequently rely on graphene oxide strategies, adding various performance-inhibiting chemicals to control ink rheology. The subsequent requirement for post-printing chemical reduction further increases complexity.
The new research demonstrates for the first time an additive-free graphene ink with exceptional printability, allowing intricate MSC electrode architectures to be 3D printed without any freezing or post-processing. Key to the breakthrough was an electrochemical exfoliation technique that yields high-quality, few-layer graphene sheets with enhanced edge plane exposure. These graphene nanosheets could be dispersed into a simple glycerin/water solution to create a moderate viscosity ink tailored for extrusion-based 3D printing.
Printing with the novel ink enabled construction of MSCs with an ultrasmall footprint down to 0.025 cm2. The pure graphene electrodes delivered exceptional electrochemical performance, including a remarkable areal capacitance of 4900 mF cm−2 and volumetric capacitance of 195.6 F cm−3 – surpassing most other printed MSCs.
An optimized MSC architecture printed with 10 layers achieved an unprecedented areal energy density of 2.1 mWh cm−2 and volumetric energy density of 22 mWh cm−3. Testing proved excellent cycling stability, with 83% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles.
Manufacturing scalability was demonstrated by 3D printing a MSC array with 90 closely integrated cells within a 5.625 cm2 area. Strong performance uniformity between cells enabled integration into high-voltage stacks exceeding 190 V – the highest output achieved for printed MSCs. The team printed an exceptional maximum of 16 cells per cm2, showing the potential for tailoring large MSC assemblies.
The customizability afforded by additive-free graphene 3D printing provides exciting opportunities to explore and optimize MSC designs. The researchers validated quality printing of interdigitated electrodes in diverse architectures, wireless charging coils, and snowflake-like patterns. Hybrid devices with integrated MSC arrays and other printed components can now be constructed to meet the power demands of microelectronics innovations like lab-on-a-chip biosensors and flexible displays.
While demonstrating considerable progress, questions remain before additive-free graphene 3D printing can enable ubiquitous micro-supercapacitors. The considerable volatility and flammability of commonly used electrolytes may restrict applications. Acquiring specialized equipment for extrusion-based printing could pose financial barriers for wider adoption. And graphene ink production must scale cost-effectively.
Additionally, the printing resolution and minimum feature size achievable may not yet reach that of photolithography. Long-term durability exceeding 100,000 cycles also requires further improvement for competitive commercial lifespan. Future work should quantify precise manufacturing costs per device and explore mitigating toxicity concerns around certain electrolyte compositions. Still, the considerable customizability and electrochemical performance advances show great promise to empower creative MSC designs.
Real-world demonstration showed a MSC successfully powering a 42 LED light display. With scalability to industrial-level production, the proposed technique offers a pathway to finally actualize graphene MSCs as a disruptive microscale energy storage solution ready for integration across stretchable electronics applications. Looking beyond energy storage, the robust and high-resolution 3D printing ability open possibilities for graphene-based devices in medical, energy, and computing domains.
This breakthrough in additive manufacturing of high-performing graphene MSCs opens doors for meeting diverse power needs across flexible technologies. The ability to 3D print sophisticated pure graphene electrodes with custom geometries facilitates exploring and optimizing designs for a range of wearable devices. And exceptional electrochemical metrics surpassing previous reports on printed MSCs enables smaller yet longer lasting energy storage integration.
The researchers note potential applications ranging from powering lab-on-chip biosensors and e-textile health monitors to driving soft robotics for search and rescue. Furthermore, specialized MSC architectures could one day play a role extending electric vehicle range.
With additive-free 3D printing unlocking newfound electrode sophistication, key questions now include: Could tailored MSC geometries usher capabilities like on-the-fly power adjustment? Can the innovation enable fully 3D printed flexible devices? And will you one day purchase customized graphene MSC packs to meet your gadget’s exact power demand? As the interplay between additive manufacturing and materials science accelerates, the doors continue opening to creatively push MSC utility further.
.clearfix::after {
content: "";
clear: both;
display: table;
}
By
Michael
Berger
– Michael is author of three books by the Royal Society of Chemistry:
Nano-Society: Pushing the Boundaries of Technology,
Nanotechnology: The Future is Tiny, and
Nanoengineering: The Skills and Tools Making Technology Invisible
Copyright ©
Nanowerk LLC
/* Default styles for the ad banner (hidden on all devices) */
.ad-banner {
display: none;
}
/* CSS media query for desktop screens */
@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
.ad-banner {
display: block;
}
}
googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1589722303187-0'); });
@import url(https://static.mailerlite.com/assets/plugins/groot/modules/includes/groot_fonts/import.css?version=1620372);
.ml-form-embedSubmitLoad{display:inline-block;width:20px;height:20px}.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0}.ml-form-embedSubmitLoad:after{content:" ";display:block;width:11px;height:11px;margin:1px;border-radius:50%;border:4px solid #fff;border-color:#fff #fff #fff transparent;animation:ml-form-embedSubmitLoad 1.2s linear infinite}@keyframes ml-form-embedSubmitLoad{0%{transform:rotate(0)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer{box-sizing:border-box;display:table;margin:0 auto;position:static;width:100%!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer button,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer h4,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer p,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer span{text-transform:none!important;letter-spacing:normal!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper{background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:url(https://bucket.mlcdn.com/a/2675/2675491/images/3af670bab6bfcebd983b0d32ff34d50c3ae7b098.png);background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;border-width:0;border-color:transparent;border-radius:4px;border-style:solid;box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block!important;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper.embedDefault,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper.embedPopup{width:400px}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper.embedForm{max-width:400px;width:100%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-align-left{text-align:left}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-align-center{text-align:center}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-align-default{display:table-cell!important;vertical-align:middle!important;text-align:center!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-align-right{text-align:right}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedHeader img{border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;height:auto;margin:0 auto!important;max-width:100%;width:undefinedpx}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody{padding:20px 20px 0 20px}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody.ml-form-embedBodyHorizontal{padding-bottom:0}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent{text-align:left;margin:0 0 20px 0}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent h4,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent h4{color:#fff;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:30px;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 10px 0;text-align:left;word-break:break-word}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent p,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent p{color:#000;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;margin:0 0 10px 0;text-align:left}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent ol,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent ul,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent ol,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent ul{color:#000;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent ol ol,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent ol ol{list-style-type:lower-alpha}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent ol ol ol,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent ol ol ol{list-style-type:lower-roman}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent p a,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent p a{color:#000;text-decoration:underline}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-block-form .ml-field-group{text-align:left!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-block-form .ml-field-group label{margin-bottom:5px;color:#333;font-size:14px;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;line-height:20px}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedContent p:last-child,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-successBody .ml-form-successContent p:last-child{margin:0}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody form{margin:0;width:100%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-formContent{margin:0 0 20px 0;width:100%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow{float:left}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm{margin:0;padding:0 0 20px 0;width:100%;height:auto;float:left}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow{margin:0 0 10px 0;width:100%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow.ml-last-item{margin:0}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow.ml-formfieldHorizintal{margin:0}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow input{background-color:#fff!important;color:#333!important;border-color:#ccc;border-radius:4px!important;border-style:solid!important;border-width:1px!important;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px!important;height:auto;line-height:21px!important;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:10px 10px!important;width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;max-width:100%!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#333}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow input::-moz-placeholder,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow input::-moz-placeholder{color:#333}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow input:-ms-input-placeholder,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#333}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow input:-moz-placeholder,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow input:-moz-placeholder{color:#333}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow textarea,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow textarea{background-color:#fff!important;color:#333!important;border-color:#ccc!important;border-radius:4px!important;border-style:solid!important;border-width:1px!important;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px!important;height:auto;line-height:21px!important;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:10px 10px!important;width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;max-width:100%!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox .label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-radio .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-radio .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-interestGroupsRow .ml-form-interestGroupsRowCheckbox .label-description::before{border-color:#ccc!important;background-color:#fff!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow input.custom-control-input[type=checkbox]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;position:absolute;z-index:-1;opacity:0;margin-top:5px;margin-left:-24px;overflow:visible}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox .label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-interestGroupsRow .ml-form-interestGroupsRowCheckbox .label-description::before{border-radius:4px!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow input[type=checkbox]:checked~.label-description::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox input[type=checkbox]:checked~.label-description::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-input:checked~.custom-control-label::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-input:checked~.custom-control-label::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-interestGroupsRow .ml-form-interestGroupsRowCheckbox input[type=checkbox]:checked~.label-description::after{background-color:#fff;mask-image:url(https://cdn.mailerlite.com/images/default/arrow.svg);-webkit-mask-image:url(https://cdn.mailerlite.com/images/default/arrow.svg)}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-radio .custom-control-input:checked~.custom-control-label::after{background-color:#fff;mask-image:url(https://cdn.mailerlite.com/images/default/circle.svg);-webkit-mask-image:url(https://cdn.mailerlite.com/images/default/circle.svg)}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow input[type=checkbox]:checked~.label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox input[type=checkbox]:checked~.label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-input:checked~.custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-radio .custom-control-input:checked~.custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-input:checked~.custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-radio .custom-control-input:checked~.custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-interestGroupsRow .ml-form-interestGroupsRowCheckbox input[type=checkbox]:checked~.label-description::before{border-color:#000!important;background-color:#000!important;color:#fff!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-radio .custom-control-label::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-radio .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-radio .custom-control-label::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-radio .custom-control-label::before{top:2;box-sizing:border-box}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox .label-description::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox .label-description::before{top:0!important;box-sizing:border-box!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::before{top:0!important;box-sizing:border-box!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-interestGroupsRow .ml-form-interestGroupsRowCheckbox .label-description::after{top:3px!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;position:absolute;left:-21px;display:block;width:10px;height:10px;content:""}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-interestGroupsRow .ml-form-interestGroupsRowCheckbox .label-description::before{top:0!important;box-sizing:border-box!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .custom-control-label::before{position:absolute;top:4px;left:-24px;display:block;width:16px;height:16px;pointer-events:none;content:"";background-color:#fff;border:#adb5bd solid 1px;border-radius:50%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .custom-control-label::after{position:absolute;top:5px!important;left:-21px;display:block;width:10px;height:10px;content:""}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox .label-description::before,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-interestGroupsRow .ml-form-interestGroupsRowCheckbox .label-description::before{position:absolute;top:4px;left:-24px;display:block;width:16px;height:16px;pointer-events:none;content:"";background-color:#fff;border:#adb5bd solid 1px;border-radius:50%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox .label-description::after{position:absolute;top:3px!important;left:-21px;display:block;width:10px;height:10px;content:""}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::after{position:absolute;top:3px!important;left:-21px;display:block;width:10px;height:10px;content:""}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .custom-radio .custom-control-label::after{background:no-repeat 50%/50% 50%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedPermissions .ml-form-embedPermissionsOptionsCheckbox .label-description::after,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-interestGroupsRow .ml-form-interestGroupsRowCheckbox .label-description::after{background:no-repeat 50%/50% 50%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-control,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-control{position:relative;display:block;min-height:1.5rem;padding-left:1.5rem}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-input,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-radio .custom-control-input,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-input,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-radio .custom-control-input{position:absolute;z-index:-1;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-radio .custom-control-label,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-checkbox .custom-control-label,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-radio .custom-control-label{color:#000;font-size:12px!important;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;line-height:22px;margin-bottom:0;position:relative;vertical-align:top;font-style:normal;font-weight:700}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-fieldRow .custom-select,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow .custom-select{background-color:#fff!important;color:#333!important;border-color:#ccc!important;border-radius:4px!important;border-style:solid!important;border-width:1px!important;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px!important;line-height:20px!important;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:10px 28px 10px 12px!important;width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important;max-width:100%!important;height:auto;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background:url(https://cdn.mailerlite.com/images/default/dropdown.svg) no-repeat right .75rem center/8px 10px;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow{height:auto;width:100%;float:left}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-form-horizontalRow .ml-input-horizontal{width:70%;float:left}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-form-horizontalRow .ml-button-horizontal{width:30%;float:left}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-form-horizontalRow .ml-button-horizontal.labelsOn{padding-top:25px}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-form-horizontalRow .horizontal-fields{box-sizing:border-box;float:left;padding-right:10px}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow input{background-color:#fff;color:#333;border-color:#ccc;border-radius:4px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:10px 10px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow-y:initial}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow button{background-color:#000!important;border-color:#000;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:none;color:#fff!important;cursor:pointer;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px!important;font-weight:700;line-height:20px;margin:0!important;padding:10px!important;width:100%;height:auto}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-horizontalRow button:hover{background-color:#333!important;border-color:#333!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow input[type=checkbox]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;position:absolute;z-index:-1;opacity:0;margin-top:5px;margin-left:-24px;overflow:visible}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow .label-description{color:#000;display:block;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0;position:relative;vertical-align:top}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow label{font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;display:block;min-height:24px;padding-left:24px}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow label a{color:#000;text-decoration:underline}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow label p{color:#000!important;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif!important;font-size:12px!important;font-weight:400!important;line-height:18px!important;padding:0!important;margin:0 5px 0 0!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow label p:last-child{margin:0}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedSubmit{margin:0 0 20px 0;float:left;width:100%}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedSubmit button{background-color:#000!important;border:none!important;border-radius:4px!important;box-shadow:none!important;color:#fff!important;cursor:pointer;font-family:'Open Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif!important;font-size:14px!important;font-weight:700!important;line-height:21px!important;height:auto;padding:10px!important;width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedSubmit button.loading{display:none}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-embedSubmit button:hover{background-color:#333!important}.ml-subscribe-close{width:30px;height:30px;background:url(https://cdn.mailerlite.com/images/default/modal_close.png) no-repeat;background-size:30px;cursor:pointer;margin-top:-10px;margin-right:-10px;position:absolute;top:0;right:0}.ml-error input{border-color:red!important}.ml-error .label-description,.ml-error .label-description p,.ml-error .label-description p a,.ml-error label:first-child{color:red!important}#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow.ml-error .label-description p,#mlb2-3184762.ml-form-embedContainer .ml-form-embedWrapper .ml-form-embedBody .ml-form-checkboxRow.ml-error .label-description p:first-letter{color:red!important}@media only screen and (max-width:400px){.ml-form-embedWrapper.embedDefault,.ml-form-embedWrapper.embedPopup{width:100%!important}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm{float:left!important}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-form-horizontalRow{height:auto!important;width:100%!important;float:left!important}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-form-horizontalRow .ml-input-horizontal{width:100%!important}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-form-horizontalRow .ml-input-horizontal>div{padding-right:0!important;padding-bottom:10px}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-button-horizontal{width:100%!important}.ml-form-formContent.horozintalForm .ml-button-horizontal.labelsOn{padding-top:0!important}}
Nanowerk Newsletter
Get our Nanotechnology Spotlight updates to your inbox!
Subscribe
Loading...
Thank you!
You have successfully joined our subscriber list.
function ml_webform_success_3184762(){var r=ml_jQuery||jQuery;r(".ml-subscribe-form-3184762 .row-success").show(),r(".ml-subscribe-form-3184762 .row-form").hide()}
Become a Spotlight guest author! Join our large and growing group of guest contributors. Have you just published a scientific paper or have other exciting developments to share with the nanotechnology community? Here is how to publish on nanowerk.com.
