Jul 24, 2020
(Nanowerk News) Intermetallic alloys potentially have high strength in a high-temperature environment. But they generally suffer poor ductility at ambient and low temperatures, hence limiting their applications in aerospace and other engineering fields.
Yet, a research team led by scientists of City University of Hong Kong (CityU) has recently discovered the disordered nanoscale layers at grain boundaries in the ordered intermetallic alloys.
The nanolayers can not only resolve the irreconcilable conflict between strength and ductility effectively, but also maintain the alloy's strength with an excellent thermal stability at high temperatures.
Designing similar nanolayers may open a pathway for the design of new structural materials with optimal alloy properties.
This research was led by Professor Liu Chain-tsuan, CityU's University Distinguished Professor and Senior Fellow of the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study (HKIAS). The findings were just published in Science (""Ultrahigh-strength and ductile superlattice alloys with nanoscale disordered interfaces"").
HAADF-STEM image reveals the ultrathin disordered layer at the grain boundaries with a thickness of about 5 nm. (© Science)
Just like metals, the inner structure of intermetallic alloys is made of individual crystalline areas knows as "grains". The usual brittleness in intermetallic alloys is generally ascribed to the cracking along their grain boundaries during tensile deformation.
Adding the element boron to the intermetallic alloys has been one of the traditional approaches to overcome the brittleness. Professor Liu was actually one of those who studied this approach 30 years ago. At that time, he found that the addition of boron to binary intermetallic alloys (constituting two elements, like Ni3Al) enhances the grain boundary cohesion, hence improving their overall ductility.
(A) Atom maps reconstructed using 3D-APT show the distribution of each element. Iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and boron (B) are enriched (darker in colour) at the nanolayer, whereas nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), and titanium (Ti) are depleted (lighter in colour) correspondingly. (B) and (C) also show the same results. (© Science)
According to conventional wisdom, adding trace amounts (0.1 to 0.5 atomic percent (at. %)) of boron substantially improves their tensile ductility by increasing grain-boundary cohesion. When excessive amounts of boron were added, this traditional approach would not work. "But when we added excessive amounts of boron to the present multicomponent intermetallic alloys, we obtained completely different results. At one point I wondered whether something went wrong during the experiments," Dr Yang recalled.
To the team's surprise, when increasing boron to as high as 1.5 to 2.5 at. %, these boron-doped alloys became very strong but very ductile. Experiment results revealed that the intermetallic alloys with 2 at. % of boron have an ultrahigh yield strength of 1.6 gigapascals with tensile ductility of 25% at ambient temperatures.
By studying through different transmission electron microscopies, the team discovered that when the concentration of boron ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 at. %, a distinctive nanolayer was formed between adjacent ordered grains. Each of the grains was capsulated within this ultrathin nanolayer of about 5nm thick. And the nanolayer itself has a disordered atomic structure. "This special phenomenon had never been discovered and reported before," said Professor Liu.
Their tensile tests showed that the nanolayer serves as a buffer zone between adjacent grains, which enables plastic-deformation at grain boundaries, resulting in the large tensile ductility at an ultrahigh yield strength level.
These pictures suggest that the alloy (NDI-SM) has achieved a superior strength-ductility synergy at ambient temperature and extraordinary heat resistance at elevated temperatures. (© Science) (click on image to enlarge)
HAADF-STEM image reveals the ultrathin disordered layer at the grain boundaries with a thickness of about 5 nm. (© Science)
Just like metals, the inner structure of intermetallic alloys is made of individual crystalline areas knows as "grains". The usual brittleness in intermetallic alloys is generally ascribed to the cracking along their grain boundaries during tensile deformation.
Adding the element boron to the intermetallic alloys has been one of the traditional approaches to overcome the brittleness. Professor Liu was actually one of those who studied this approach 30 years ago. At that time, he found that the addition of boron to binary intermetallic alloys (constituting two elements, like Ni3Al) enhances the grain boundary cohesion, hence improving their overall ductility.
A surprising experimental result
In recent years, Professor Liu has achieved many great advances in developing bulk intermetallic alloys (intermetallic alloy is also called superlattice alloy, constructed with long-range, atomically close-packed ordered structure). These materials with good strengths are highly attractive for high-temperature structural applications, but generally suffer from serious brittleness at ambient temperatures, as well as rapid grain coarsening (i.e. growth in grain size) and softening at high temperatures. So this time, Professor Liu and his team have developed the novel "interfacial nanoscale disordering" strategy in multi-element intermetallic alloys, which enables the high strength, large ductility at room temperature and also excellent thermal stability at elevated temperatures. "What we originally tried to do is to enhance the grain boundary cohesion through optimizing the amount of boron," said Dr Yang Tao, a postdoc research fellow at CityU's Department of Mechanical Engineering (MNE) and IAS, who is also one of the co-first authors of the paper. "We expected that, as we increased the amount of boron, the alloy would retain ultrahigh strength due to its multi-element constituents."
(A) Atom maps reconstructed using 3D-APT show the distribution of each element. Iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and boron (B) are enriched (darker in colour) at the nanolayer, whereas nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), and titanium (Ti) are depleted (lighter in colour) correspondingly. (B) and (C) also show the same results. (© Science)
According to conventional wisdom, adding trace amounts (0.1 to 0.5 atomic percent (at. %)) of boron substantially improves their tensile ductility by increasing grain-boundary cohesion. When excessive amounts of boron were added, this traditional approach would not work. "But when we added excessive amounts of boron to the present multicomponent intermetallic alloys, we obtained completely different results. At one point I wondered whether something went wrong during the experiments," Dr Yang recalled.
To the team's surprise, when increasing boron to as high as 1.5 to 2.5 at. %, these boron-doped alloys became very strong but very ductile. Experiment results revealed that the intermetallic alloys with 2 at. % of boron have an ultrahigh yield strength of 1.6 gigapascals with tensile ductility of 25% at ambient temperatures.
By studying through different transmission electron microscopies, the team discovered that when the concentration of boron ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 at. %, a distinctive nanolayer was formed between adjacent ordered grains. Each of the grains was capsulated within this ultrathin nanolayer of about 5nm thick. And the nanolayer itself has a disordered atomic structure. "This special phenomenon had never been discovered and reported before," said Professor Liu.
Their tensile tests showed that the nanolayer serves as a buffer zone between adjacent grains, which enables plastic-deformation at grain boundaries, resulting in the large tensile ductility at an ultrahigh yield strength level.
These pictures suggest that the alloy (NDI-SM) has achieved a superior strength-ductility synergy at ambient temperature and extraordinary heat resistance at elevated temperatures. (© Science) (click on image to enlarge)
