INFO
Indicator :
Research & development expenditure (Percent)
Description :
Research & development expenditure (% of GDP)
Source :
The World Bank
Research & development expenditure (Percent)
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
|
0.25 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
2 |
|
0.09 | 0.15 | |||||||||||||||||
3 |
|
0.14 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.37 | |||||||||
4 |
|
1.29 | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.25 | 1.13 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 1.10 | |
5 |
|
0.39 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.47 | |
6 |
|
0.48 | 0.52 | 0.53 | ||||||||||||||||
7 |
|
0.71 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 1.45 | 1.58 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.38 | 1.33 | 1.29 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.62 | |
8 |
|
0.54 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 1.21 | 1.32 | 1.39 | |
9 |
|
0.13 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.32 | |||||||||||
10 |
|
0.10 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.17 | |||||||
11 |
|
0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | |||||||
12 |
|
0.34 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.15 | ||||
13 |
|
0.44 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.20 | |||||||||||
14 |
|
1.71 | 1.57 | 1.48 | 1.46 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.72 | 1.65 | 1.63 | 1.62 | 1.65 | 1.71 | 1.93 | 2.04 | 2.10 | 2.05 | 2.15 | 2.28 | |
15 |
|
0.37 | 0.54 | 0.58 | ||||||||||||||||
16 |
|
0.22 | ||||||||||||||||||
17 |
|
1.17 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.26 | 1.23 | 1.15 | 1.23 | 1.35 | 1.41 | ||||||||||
18 |
|
1.92 | 1.93 | 1.79 | 1.76 | 1.69 | 1.64 | 1.69 | 1.72 | 1.88 | 1.92 | 1.93 | 1.98 | 1.98 | 2.15 | 2.18 | 2.14 | 2.18 | 2.29 | |
19 |
|
0.05 | 0.26 | 0.30 | ||||||||||||||||
20 |
|
0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.15 | |||||||||||||||
21 |
|
0.66 | 0.04 | 0.64 | ||||||||||||||||
22 |
|
0.32 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.36 | |||||||||||||||
23 |
|
0.32 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | |
24 |
|
0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.30 | |
25 |
|
0.55 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.68 | ||||||||||||||
26 |
|
0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.52 | ||||||||
27 |
|
0.57 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.91 | |
28 |
|
1.65 | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.69 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.71 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.13 | |
29 |
|
0.66 | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.75 | ||
30 |
|
0.19 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.53 | ||||||||||||||
31 |
|
0.15 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||||
32 |
|
0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.14 | |||||||||
33 |
|
2.61 | 2.55 | 2.51 | 2.55 | 2.63 | 2.77 | 2.82 | 2.74 | 2.77 | 2.68 | 2.71 | 2.72 | 2.72 | 2.85 | 2.90 | 3.00 | 3.17 | 3.45 | |
34 |
|
0.37 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.48 | |||||
35 |
|
1.11 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.41 | |
36 |
|
1.75 | 1.68 | 1.63 | 1.65 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.74 | 1.69 | 1.66 | 1.59 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 1.67 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 1.70 | 1.71 | ||
37 |
|
0.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
38 |
|
0.49 | 0.69 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 1.31 | 1.45 | ||||||||||||
39 |
|
0.48 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.09 | |
40 |
|
0.26 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.14 | |||||
41 |
|
2.05 | 2.13 | 2.16 | 2.13 | 2.34 | 2.62 | 2.16 | 2.01 | 2.07 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 2.08 | 2.18 | 2.07 | 1.90 | 1.81 | 1.89 | ||
42 |
|
0.07 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |
43 |
|
0.02 | ||||||||||||||||||
44 |
|
2.90 | 2.73 | 3.19 | 3.37 | 3.03 | 3.15 | |||||||||||||
45 |
|
3.80 | 3.58 | 3.39 | 3.50 | 3.26 | 3.50 | 3.45 | 3.22 | 3.25 | 3.28 | 3.30 | 3.14 | 3.26 | 3.25 | 3.36 | 3.32 | 3.39 | 3.53 | |
46 |
|
0.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
47 |
|
0.18 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.00 | ||||||||
48 |
|
1.05 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.41 | |
49 |
|
2.49 | 2.68 | 2.63 | 2.83 | 3.00 | 3.12 | 3.29 | 3.47 | 3.74 | 4.03 | 4.15 | 4.29 | 4.22 | 3.99 | 4.29 | 4.52 | 4.63 | 4.81 | |
50 |
|
0.79 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.62 | ||
51 |
|
1.27 | 1.39 | 1.41 | 1.53 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.82 | 2.06 | 2.42 | 2.57 | 2.58 | 2.37 | 2.20 | 2.01 | 1.87 | 1.95 | 2.05 | 2.15 | |
52 |
|
0.57 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 1.17 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.91 | |
53 |
|
0.60 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.26 | 1.30 | 1.42 | 1.04 | ||||||||
54 |
|
0.67 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.16 | |
55 |
|
0.20 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.53 | |||||||||||||||
56 |
|
0.96 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 1.34 | 1.29 | 1.12 | 1.17 | 1.21 | ||
57 |
|
0.35 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.82 | |
58 |
|
0.58 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.52 | |
59 |
|
0.96 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 1.25 | |
60 |
|
0.36 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.37 | ||||
61 |
|
0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.29 | |
62 |
|
1.13 | 1.23 | 1.32 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.46 | 1.68 | 1.73 | 1.78 | 1.91 | 2.00 | 2.03 | 2.07 | 2.10 | 2.12 | 2.14 | 2.24 | 2.40 | |
63 |
|
0.31 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.34 | ||||||
64 |
|
2.04 | 2.07 | 1.99 | 1.96 | 1.92 | 1.87 | 1.92 | 1.84 | 1.79 | 1.78 | 1.71 | 1.72 | 1.70 | 1.73 | 1.69 | 1.68 | 1.59 | 1.70 | |
65 |
|
0.48 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.85 | |
66 |
|
0.28 | ||||||||||||||||||
67 |
|
0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | |||
68 |
|
2.58 | 2.48 | 2.39 | 2.40 | 2.51 | 2.78 | 3.07 | 2.94 | 2.94 | 2.98 | 2.97 | 2.91 | 3.05 | 3.09 | 2.93 | 2.97 | 2.89 | 2.96 | |
69 |
|
0.16 | ||||||||||||||||||
70 |
|
1.87 | 1.86 | 1.78 | 1.81 | 1.84 | 1.92 | 1.99 | 2.05 | 2.16 | 2.27 | 2.33 | 2.39 | 2.46 | 2.52 | 2.67 | 2.86 | 3.16 | 3.48 | |
71 |
|
0.61 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.55 | |
72 |
|
0.10 | ||||||||||||||||||
73 |
|
0.32 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.22 | |
74 |
|
2.24 | 2.24 | 2.38 | 2.37 | 2.43 | 2.59 | 2.61 | 2.74 | 2.67 | 2.91 | 2.95 | 3.08 | 3.05 | 3.12 | 3.06 | 3.09 | 3.13 | 3.20 | |
75 |
|
1.85 | 2.18 | 2.40 | 2.38 | 2.24 | 2.18 | 1.92 | 1.88 | 1.83 | ||||||||||
76 |
|
0.24 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.21 | |
77 |
|
0.41 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.46 | ||
78 |
|
0.03 | ||||||||||||||||||
79 |
|
1.20 | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.31 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.34 | 1.56 | 1.78 | 1.90 | 1.97 | 1.93 | 1.67 | 1.77 | 1.90 | 1.93 | 1.99 | |
80 |
|
0.07 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.44 | |||||||||
81 |
|
0.38 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.71 | |
82 |
|
0.08 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.28 | ||||||||||||
83 |
|
0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |
84 |
|
0.14 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.19 | |
85 |
|
0.36 | 0.79 | |||||||||||||||||
86 |
|
0.43 | 0.70 | |||||||||||||||||
87 |
|
3.14 | 3.13 | 3.31 | 3.41 | 3.46 | 3.47 | 3.36 | 3.25 | 3.24 | 3.21 | 3.31 | 3.40 | 3.28 | 3.11 | 3.17 | 3.22 | 3.20 | 3.26 | |
88 |
|
0.07 | ||||||||||||||||||
89 |
|
1.10 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.42 | 1.46 | 1.53 | |
90 |
|
1.16 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.39 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.52 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.26 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.23 | |
91 |
|
0.05 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | |||||||
92 |
|
0.67 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.83 | 0.88 | |||||||
93 |
|
0.71 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.66 | |||
94 |
|
0.27 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.84 | 0.96 | ||
95 |
|
2.82 | 2.70 | 2.92 | 2.58 | 2.54 | 2.66 | 2.41 | 1.70 | 1.95 | 2.20 | 2.11 | 2.08 | 2.00 | 2.32 | 2.47 | ||||
96 |
|
0.94 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.39 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.18 | 1.32 | 1.51 | 1.48 | 1.61 | |
97 |
|
0.04 | ||||||||||||||||||
98 |
|
0.57 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.15 | 1.21 | 1.28 | 1.50 | |
99 |
|
2.54 | 2.50 | 2.42 | 2.46 | 2.45 | 2.60 | 2.73 | 2.71 | 2.80 | 2.87 | 2.82 | 2.87 | 2.91 | 2.94 | 3.05 | 3.11 | 3.17 | 3.14 | |
100 |
|
0.22 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.30 | ||||||||
101 |
|
2.18 | 2.16 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 2.02 | 2.06 | 2.21 | 2.18 | 2.19 | 2.23 | 2.24 | 2.28 | 2.27 | 2.22 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.19 | 2.35 | |
102 |
|
3.44 | 3.45 | 3.33 | 3.34 | 3.35 | 3.55 | 3.75 | 3.73 | 3.64 | 3.42 | 3.29 | 3.17 | 2.89 | 2.72 | 2.73 | 2.76 | 2.80 | 2.94 | |
103 |
|
2.02 | 2.08 | 2.08 | 2.11 | 2.12 | 2.12 | 2.15 | 2.19 | 2.22 | 2.32 | |||||||||
104 |
|
0.27 | ||||||||||||||||||
105 |
|
0.77 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 1.12 | 1.07 | 1.26 | 1.40 | 1.58 | 2.31 | 2.12 | 1.72 | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.79 | |
|
2.09 | 2.04 | 1.99 | 2.00 | 1.97 | 2.03 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 2.01 | 2.04 | 1.99 | 2.07 | 2.09 | 2.14 | 2.13 | 2.20 | 2.33 | 2.63 |
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