Research & development expenditure (Percent)
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kazakhstan | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
2 | Albania | 0.09 | 0.15 | | |||||||||||||||||
3 | Oman | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.37 | | |||||||||
4 | Russia | 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.25 | 1.13 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 1.10 | | |
5 | Romania | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.47 | | |
6 | Qatar | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.53 | | ||||||||||||||||
7 | Portugal | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 1.45 | 1.58 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.38 | 1.33 | 1.29 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.62 | | |
8 | Poland | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 1.21 | 1.32 | 1.39 | | |
9 | Philippines | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.32 | | |||||||||||
10 | Peru | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.17 | | |||||||
11 | Paraguay | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | | |||||||
12 | Panama | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.15 | | ||||
13 | Pakistan | 0.44 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.20 | | |||||||||||
14 | Norway | 1.71 | 1.57 | 1.48 | 1.46 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.72 | 1.65 | 1.63 | 1.62 | 1.65 | 1.71 | 1.93 | 2.04 | 2.10 | 2.05 | 2.15 | 2.28 | | |
15 | Senegal | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.58 | | ||||||||||||||||
16 | Nigeria | 0.22 | | ||||||||||||||||||
17 | New Zealand | 1.17 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.26 | 1.23 | 1.15 | 1.23 | 1.35 | 1.41 | | ||||||||||
18 | Netherlands | 1.92 | 1.93 | 1.79 | 1.76 | 1.69 | 1.64 | 1.69 | 1.72 | 1.88 | 1.92 | 1.93 | 1.98 | 1.98 | 2.15 | 2.18 | 2.14 | 2.18 | 2.29 | | |
19 | Nepal | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.30 | | ||||||||||||||||
20 | Myanmar | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.15 | | |||||||||||||||
21 | Morocco | 0.66 | 0.04 | 0.64 | | ||||||||||||||||
22 | Montenegro | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.36 | | |||||||||||||||
23 | Moldova | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | | |
24 | Mexico | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.30 | | |
25 | Malta | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.68 | | ||||||||||||||
26 | Saudi Arabia | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.52 | | ||||||||
27 | Serbia | 0.57 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.91 | | |
28 | Luxembourg | 1.65 | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.69 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.71 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.13 | | |
29 | Tunisia | 0.66 | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.75 | | ||
30 | Vietnam | 0.19 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.53 | | ||||||||||||||
31 | Venezuela | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.12 | | ||||||||||||||
32 | Uzbekistan | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.14 | | |||||||||
33 | USA | 2.61 | 2.55 | 2.51 | 2.55 | 2.63 | 2.77 | 2.82 | 2.74 | 2.77 | 2.68 | 2.71 | 2.72 | 2.72 | 2.85 | 2.90 | 3.00 | 3.17 | 3.45 | | |
34 | Uruguay | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.48 | | |||||
35 | Ukraine | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.41 | | |
36 | UK | 1.75 | 1.68 | 1.63 | 1.65 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.74 | 1.69 | 1.66 | 1.59 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 1.67 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 1.70 | 1.71 | | ||
37 | Uganda | 0.00 | | ||||||||||||||||||
38 | UAE | 0.49 | 0.69 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 1.31 | 1.45 | | ||||||||||||
39 | Turkey | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.09 | | |
40 | Thailand | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.14 | | |||||
41 | Singapore | 2.05 | 2.13 | 2.16 | 2.13 | 2.34 | 2.62 | 2.16 | 2.01 | 2.07 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 2.08 | 2.18 | 2.07 | 1.90 | 1.81 | 1.89 | | ||
42 | Tajikistan | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | | |
43 | Syria | 0.02 | | ||||||||||||||||||
44 | Switzerland | 2.90 | 2.73 | 3.19 | 3.37 | 3.03 | 3.15 | | |||||||||||||
45 | Sweden | 3.80 | 3.58 | 3.39 | 3.50 | 3.26 | 3.50 | 3.45 | 3.22 | 3.25 | 3.28 | 3.30 | 3.14 | 3.26 | 3.25 | 3.36 | 3.32 | 3.39 | 3.53 | | |
46 | Sudan | 0.00 | | ||||||||||||||||||
47 | Sri lanka | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.00 | | ||||||||
48 | Spain | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.41 | | |
49 | South Korea | 2.49 | 2.68 | 2.63 | 2.83 | 3.00 | 3.12 | 3.29 | 3.47 | 3.74 | 4.03 | 4.15 | 4.29 | 4.22 | 3.99 | 4.29 | 4.52 | 4.63 | 4.81 | | |
50 | South Africa | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.62 | | ||
51 | Slovenia | 1.27 | 1.39 | 1.41 | 1.53 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.82 | 2.06 | 2.42 | 2.57 | 2.58 | 2.37 | 2.20 | 2.01 | 1.87 | 1.95 | 2.05 | 2.15 | | |
52 | Slovakia | 0.57 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 1.17 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.91 | | |
53 | Malaysia | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.26 | 1.30 | 1.42 | 1.04 | | ||||||||
54 | Lithuania | 0.67 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.16 | | |
55 | Algeria | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.53 | | |||||||||||||||
56 | Brazil | 0.96 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 1.34 | 1.29 | 1.12 | 1.17 | 1.21 | | ||
57 | Cyprus | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.82 | | |
58 | Cuba | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.52 | | |
59 | Croatia | 0.96 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 1.25 | | |
60 | Costa rica | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.37 | | ||||
61 | Colombia | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.29 | | |
62 | China | 1.13 | 1.23 | 1.32 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.46 | 1.68 | 1.73 | 1.78 | 1.91 | 2.00 | 2.03 | 2.07 | 2.10 | 2.12 | 2.14 | 2.24 | 2.40 | | |
63 | Chile | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.34 | | ||||||
64 | Canada | 2.04 | 2.07 | 1.99 | 1.96 | 1.92 | 1.87 | 1.92 | 1.84 | 1.79 | 1.78 | 1.71 | 1.72 | 1.70 | 1.73 | 1.69 | 1.68 | 1.59 | 1.70 | | |
65 | Bulgaria | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.85 | | |
66 | Brunei | 0.28 | | ||||||||||||||||||
67 | Bosnia | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | | |||
68 | Denmark | 2.58 | 2.48 | 2.39 | 2.40 | 2.51 | 2.78 | 3.07 | 2.94 | 2.94 | 2.98 | 2.97 | 2.91 | 3.05 | 3.09 | 2.93 | 2.97 | 2.89 | 2.96 | | |
69 | Bolivia | 0.16 | | ||||||||||||||||||
70 | Belgium | 1.87 | 1.86 | 1.78 | 1.81 | 1.84 | 1.92 | 1.99 | 2.05 | 2.16 | 2.27 | 2.33 | 2.39 | 2.46 | 2.52 | 2.67 | 2.86 | 3.16 | 3.48 | | |
71 | Belarus | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.55 | | |
72 | Bahrain | 0.10 | | ||||||||||||||||||
73 | Azerbaijan | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.22 | | |
74 | Austria | 2.24 | 2.24 | 2.38 | 2.37 | 2.43 | 2.59 | 2.61 | 2.74 | 2.67 | 2.91 | 2.95 | 3.08 | 3.05 | 3.12 | 3.06 | 3.09 | 3.13 | 3.20 | | |
75 | Australia | 1.85 | 2.18 | 2.40 | 2.38 | 2.24 | 2.18 | 1.92 | 1.88 | 1.83 | | ||||||||||
76 | Armenia | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.21 | | |
77 | Argentina | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.46 | | ||
78 | Angola | 0.03 | | ||||||||||||||||||
79 | Czech Republic | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.31 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.34 | 1.56 | 1.78 | 1.90 | 1.97 | 1.93 | 1.67 | 1.77 | 1.90 | 1.93 | 1.99 | | |
80 | Ecuador | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.44 | | |||||||||
81 | Latvia | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.71 | | |
82 | Indonesia | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.28 | | ||||||||||||
83 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 | | |
84 | Kuwait | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.19 | | |
85 | Kenya | 0.36 | 0.79 | | |||||||||||||||||
86 | Jordan | 0.43 | 0.70 | | |||||||||||||||||
87 | Japan | 3.14 | 3.13 | 3.31 | 3.41 | 3.46 | 3.47 | 3.36 | 3.25 | 3.24 | 3.21 | 3.31 | 3.40 | 3.28 | 3.11 | 3.17 | 3.22 | 3.20 | 3.26 | | |
88 | Ivory Coast | 0.07 | | ||||||||||||||||||
89 | Italy | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.42 | 1.46 | 1.53 | | |
90 | Ireland | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.39 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.52 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.26 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.23 | | |
91 | Iraq | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | | |||||||
92 | Iran | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.83 | 0.88 | | |||||||
93 | India | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.66 | | |||
94 | Egypt | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.84 | 0.96 | | ||
95 | Iceland | 2.82 | 2.70 | 2.92 | 2.58 | 2.54 | 2.66 | 2.41 | 1.70 | 1.95 | 2.20 | 2.11 | 2.08 | 2.00 | 2.32 | 2.47 | | ||||
96 | Hungary | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.39 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.18 | 1.32 | 1.51 | 1.48 | 1.61 | | |
97 | Honduras | 0.04 | | ||||||||||||||||||
98 | Greece | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.15 | 1.21 | 1.28 | 1.50 | | |
99 | Germany | 2.54 | 2.50 | 2.42 | 2.46 | 2.45 | 2.60 | 2.73 | 2.71 | 2.80 | 2.87 | 2.82 | 2.87 | 2.91 | 2.94 | 3.05 | 3.11 | 3.17 | 3.14 | | |
100 | Georgia | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.30 | | ||||||||
101 | France | 2.18 | 2.16 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 2.02 | 2.06 | 2.21 | 2.18 | 2.19 | 2.23 | 2.24 | 2.28 | 2.27 | 2.22 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.19 | 2.35 | | |
102 | Finland | 3.44 | 3.45 | 3.33 | 3.34 | 3.35 | 3.55 | 3.75 | 3.73 | 3.64 | 3.42 | 3.29 | 3.17 | 2.89 | 2.72 | 2.73 | 2.76 | 2.80 | 2.94 | | |
103 | European Union | 2.02 | 2.08 | 2.08 | 2.11 | 2.12 | 2.12 | 2.15 | 2.19 | 2.22 | 2.32 | | |||||||||
104 | Ethiopia | 0.27 | | ||||||||||||||||||
105 | Estonia | 0.77 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 1.12 | 1.07 | 1.26 | 1.40 | 1.58 | 2.31 | 2.12 | 1.72 | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.79 | | |
World | 2.09 | 2.04 | 1.99 | 2.00 | 1.97 | 2.03 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 2.01 | 2.04 | 1.99 | 2.07 | 2.09 | 2.14 | 2.13 | 2.20 | 2.33 | 2.63 | | ||
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