Research & development expenditure (Percent)
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
![]() |
0.71 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 1.45 | 1.58 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.38 | 1.33 | 1.29 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.62 | 1.68 | 1.73 | |
2 |
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2.04 | 2.07 | 1.99 | 1.96 | 1.92 | 1.87 | 1.92 | 1.84 | 1.79 | 1.78 | 1.71 | 1.72 | 1.70 | 1.73 | 1.69 | 1.68 | 1.59 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.55 | |
3 |
![]() |
0.27 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.84 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 1.02 | | |
4 |
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0.57 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.97 | |
5 |
![]() |
1.29 | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.25 | 1.13 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 1.10 | 0.96 | 0.94 | |
6 |
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0.61 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.48 | |
7 |
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0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.46 | | |||||||
8 |
![]() |
0.36 | 0.79 | 0.41 | | |||||||||||||||||
9 |
![]() |
1.11 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.33 | |
10 |
![]() |
0.14 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.28 | | ||||||||
11 |
![]() |
0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.27 | |
12 |
![]() |
0.22 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.24 | | |||||||
13 |
![]() |
0.32 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | |
14 |
![]() |
0.24 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | |
15 |
![]() |
0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.19 | | ||
16 |
![]() |
0.34 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.18 | | |||
17 |
![]() |
0.10 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.16 | | ||||||
18 |
![]() |
0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.16 | | ||||||||
19 |
![]() |
0.32 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.15 | |
20 |
![]() |
0.25 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | |
21 |
![]() |
0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | |
22 |
![]() |
0.14 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.08 | | |
23 |
![]() |
0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.04 | | ||||||||||||||
24 |
![]() |
0.44 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.16 | | |||||||||||
25 |
![]() |
0.22 | | |||||||||||||||||||
26 |
![]() |
1.17 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.26 | 1.23 | 1.15 | 1.23 | 1.35 | 1.41 | 1.45 | | ||||||||||
27 |
![]() |
0.13 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.32 | | ||||||||||||
28 |
![]() |
0.54 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 1.21 | 1.32 | 1.39 | 1.44 | | |
29 |
![]() |
0.05 | 0.26 | 0.30 | | |||||||||||||||||
30 |
![]() |
1.71 | 1.57 | 1.48 | 1.46 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.72 | 1.65 | 1.63 | 1.62 | 1.65 | 1.71 | 1.93 | 2.04 | 2.10 | 2.05 | 2.15 | 2.28 | 1.94 | | |
31 |
![]() |
0.48 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.68 | | ||||||||||||||||
32 |
![]() |
0.39 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.47 | | |
33 |
![]() |
1.92 | 1.93 | 1.79 | 1.76 | 1.69 | 1.64 | 1.69 | 1.72 | 1.88 | 1.92 | 1.93 | 1.98 | 1.98 | 2.15 | 2.18 | 2.14 | 2.18 | 2.29 | 2.31 | | |
34 |
![]() |
0.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | | |||||||
35 |
![]() |
0.09 | 0.15 | | ||||||||||||||||||
36 |
![]() |
0.37 | 0.54 | 0.58 | | |||||||||||||||||
37 |
![]() |
0.26 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.14 | 1.21 | | |||||
38 |
![]() |
0.19 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.43 | | ||||||||||||||
39 |
![]() |
0.15 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.12 | | |||||||||||||||
40 |
![]() |
2.61 | 2.55 | 2.51 | 2.55 | 2.63 | 2.77 | 2.82 | 2.74 | 2.77 | 2.68 | 2.71 | 2.72 | 2.72 | 2.85 | 2.90 | 3.00 | 3.17 | 3.45 | 3.46 | | |
41 |
![]() |
0.37 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.42 | | |||||
42 |
![]() |
1.75 | 1.68 | 1.63 | 1.65 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.74 | 1.69 | 1.66 | 1.59 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 1.67 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 1.70 | 1.71 | 2.91 | | ||
43 |
![]() |
0.00 | | |||||||||||||||||||
44 |
![]() |
0.49 | 0.69 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 1.31 | 1.45 | 1.50 | | ||||||||||||
45 |
![]() |
0.48 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.40 | | |
46 |
![]() |
0.66 | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.75 | | |||
47 |
![]() |
0.07 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | | ||
48 |
![]() |
2.05 | 2.13 | 2.16 | 2.13 | 2.34 | 2.62 | 2.16 | 2.01 | 2.07 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 2.08 | 2.18 | 2.07 | 1.90 | 1.81 | 1.89 | | |||
49 |
![]() |
0.02 | | |||||||||||||||||||
50 |
![]() |
2.90 | 2.73 | 3.19 | 3.37 | 3.03 | 3.15 | 3.36 | | |||||||||||||
51 |
![]() |
3.80 | 3.58 | 3.39 | 3.50 | 3.26 | 3.50 | 3.45 | 3.22 | 3.25 | 3.28 | 3.30 | 3.14 | 3.26 | 3.25 | 3.36 | 3.32 | 3.39 | 3.53 | 3.42 | | |
52 |
![]() |
0.00 | | |||||||||||||||||||
53 |
![]() |
0.18 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.00 | | |||||||||
54 |
![]() |
1.05 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.41 | 1.43 | | |
55 |
![]() |
2.49 | 2.68 | 2.63 | 2.83 | 3.00 | 3.12 | 3.29 | 3.47 | 3.74 | 4.03 | 4.15 | 4.29 | 4.22 | 3.99 | 4.29 | 4.52 | 4.63 | 4.81 | 4.93 | | |
56 |
![]() |
0.79 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.62 | | |||
57 |
![]() |
0.66 | 0.04 | 0.64 | | |||||||||||||||||
58 |
![]() |
0.57 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 1.17 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.91 | 0.92 | | |
59 |
![]() |
1.27 | 1.39 | 1.41 | 1.53 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.82 | 2.06 | 2.42 | 2.57 | 2.58 | 2.37 | 2.20 | 2.01 | 1.87 | 1.95 | 2.05 | 2.15 | 2.13 | | |
60 |
![]() |
0.67 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.16 | 1.11 | | |
61 |
![]() |
0.32 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.36 | | ||||||||||||||||
62 |
![]() |
0.31 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.34 | | |||||||
63 |
![]() |
2.58 | 2.48 | 2.39 | 2.40 | 2.51 | 2.78 | 3.07 | 2.94 | 2.94 | 2.98 | 2.97 | 2.91 | 3.05 | 3.09 | 2.93 | 2.97 | 2.89 | 2.96 | 2.81 | | |
64 |
![]() |
1.20 | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.31 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.34 | 1.56 | 1.78 | 1.90 | 1.97 | 1.93 | 1.67 | 1.77 | 1.90 | 1.93 | 1.99 | 2.00 | | |
65 |
![]() |
0.35 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.83 | | |
66 |
![]() |
0.58 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.32 | | |
67 |
![]() |
0.96 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 1.25 | 1.24 | | |
68 |
![]() |
0.36 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.37 | 0.28 | | ||||
69 |
![]() |
0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.29 | | ||
70 |
![]() |
1.13 | 1.23 | 1.32 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.46 | 1.68 | 1.73 | 1.78 | 1.91 | 2.00 | 2.03 | 2.07 | 2.10 | 2.12 | 2.14 | 2.24 | 2.40 | 2.43 | | |
71 |
![]() |
0.48 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.77 | | |
72 |
![]() |
0.77 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 1.12 | 1.07 | 1.26 | 1.40 | 1.58 | 2.31 | 2.12 | 1.72 | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.79 | 1.75 | | |
73 |
![]() |
0.28 | | |||||||||||||||||||
74 |
![]() |
0.96 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 1.34 | 1.29 | 1.12 | 1.17 | 1.21 | | |||
75 |
![]() |
0.16 | | |||||||||||||||||||
76 |
![]() |
1.87 | 1.86 | 1.78 | 1.81 | 1.84 | 1.92 | 1.99 | 2.05 | 2.16 | 2.27 | 2.33 | 2.39 | 2.46 | 2.52 | 2.67 | 2.86 | 3.16 | 3.48 | 3.43 | | |
77 |
![]() |
0.10 | | |||||||||||||||||||
78 |
![]() |
2.24 | 2.24 | 2.38 | 2.37 | 2.43 | 2.59 | 2.61 | 2.74 | 2.67 | 2.91 | 2.95 | 3.08 | 3.05 | 3.12 | 3.06 | 3.09 | 3.13 | 3.20 | 3.26 | | |
79 |
![]() |
1.85 | 2.18 | 2.40 | 2.38 | 2.24 | 2.18 | 1.92 | 1.88 | 1.83 | | |||||||||||
80 |
![]() |
0.41 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.52 | | ||
81 |
![]() |
0.03 | | |||||||||||||||||||
82 |
![]() |
0.07 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.44 | | ||||||||||
83 |
![]() |
0.27 | | |||||||||||||||||||
84 |
![]() |
0.55 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.68 | 0.67 | | ||||||||||||||
85 |
![]() |
0.05 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | | |||||||
86 |
![]() |
0.60 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.26 | 1.30 | 1.42 | 1.04 | | |||||||||
87 |
![]() |
1.65 | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.69 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.71 | 1.53 | 1.46 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.13 | 1.04 | | |
88 |
![]() |
0.20 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.53 | | ||||||||||||||||
89 |
![]() |
0.38 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 0.74 | | |
90 |
![]() |
0.43 | 0.70 | | ||||||||||||||||||
91 |
![]() |
3.14 | 3.13 | 3.31 | 3.41 | 3.46 | 3.47 | 3.36 | 3.25 | 3.24 | 3.21 | 3.31 | 3.40 | 3.28 | 3.11 | 3.17 | 3.22 | 3.20 | 3.26 | 3.30 | | |
92 |
![]() |
0.07 | | |||||||||||||||||||
93 |
![]() |
1.10 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.42 | 1.46 | 1.53 | 1.45 | | |
94 |
![]() |
1.16 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.39 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.52 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.26 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.13 | | |
95 |
![]() |
0.67 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.83 | 0.88 | | ||||||||
96 |
![]() |
2.02 | 2.08 | 2.08 | 2.11 | 2.12 | 2.12 | 2.15 | 2.19 | 2.22 | 2.32 | | ||||||||||
97 |
![]() |
0.08 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.28 | | |||||||||||||
98 |
![]() |
0.71 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.66 | | ||||
99 |
![]() |
2.82 | 2.70 | 2.92 | 2.58 | 2.54 | 2.66 | 2.41 | 1.70 | 1.95 | 2.20 | 2.11 | 2.08 | 2.00 | 2.32 | 2.47 | 2.81 | | ||||
100 |
![]() |
0.94 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.39 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.18 | 1.32 | 1.51 | 1.48 | 1.61 | 1.64 | | |
101 |
![]() |
0.04 | | |||||||||||||||||||
102 |
![]() |
0.57 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.15 | 1.21 | 1.28 | 1.50 | 1.46 | | |
103 |
![]() |
2.54 | 2.50 | 2.42 | 2.46 | 2.45 | 2.60 | 2.73 | 2.71 | 2.80 | 2.87 | 2.82 | 2.87 | 2.91 | 2.94 | 3.05 | 3.11 | 3.17 | 3.14 | 3.14 | | |
104 |
![]() |
2.18 | 2.16 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 2.02 | 2.06 | 2.21 | 2.18 | 2.19 | 2.23 | 2.24 | 2.28 | 2.27 | 2.22 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.19 | 2.35 | 2.22 | | |
105 |
![]() |
3.44 | 3.45 | 3.33 | 3.34 | 3.35 | 3.55 | 3.75 | 3.73 | 3.64 | 3.42 | 3.29 | 3.17 | 2.89 | 2.72 | 2.73 | 2.76 | 2.80 | 2.94 | 2.99 | | |
![]() |
2.09 | 2.04 | 1.99 | 2.00 | 1.97 | 2.03 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 2.01 | 2.04 | 1.99 | 2.07 | 2.09 | 2.14 | 2.13 | 2.20 | 2.33 | 2.63 | 2.62 | | ||
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